Distinguish Between Crystal and Glass

The fundamental plan is that, all crystals are glasses however all glasses aren't crystals. The uses of glasses and crystals are various. we have a tendency to use crystal wares and glass wares in our homes, largely for ornamental functions. differing types of spectacle glasses are widely employed in our day-to-day life and that we will even build jewelries out of crystals. Now, once we verify the variations between glass and crystal, some variations are visible to the naked eye and a few will be found through experiments solely. however before knowing the way to determine glass from crystals, it's necessary to grasp what's a glass and what's a crystal. Let's analyze it.

What is a Glass?
Glass may be a supercooled liquid that includes a static nature, as a result of its molecular structure does not amendment throughout the method of melting and solidification. Glass is an inorganic material, that is largely created by melting substances and then cooling it. A sudden amendment within the thermal enlargement coefficient and specific heat capability, specifically throughout the melting purpose of the glass material, that is supercooled, becomes a glass. The particles gift within the glass are a lot of smaller than the wavelength of visible rays, that makes them clear. Obsidian and meteorite glasses are the kinds of glasses that are naturally accessible within the earth and also the different forms of glasses are created artificially. a number of the opposite forms of glasses are silicate glasses, network glasses, sugar glasses, colloidal glasses, etc. thanks to microscopic cracks on the surface of the glass and thermal stress, glasses break. What specifically happens throughout the breaking of glass, is that, the silicon and oxygen bonds of the glass material are broken.

What is a Crystal?
Crystals have special electrical conductivity property, which may be employed in electronic and communication devices. Crystals like Quartz and Rochelle salt exhibit piezoelectric impact which suggests, these crystals will provide electrical voltage when mechanical stress is applied to it. There are differing types of crystals, like covalent crystals, metallic crystals, ionic crystals and molecular crystals. So, reckoning on the sort of crystal, the properties can amendment. Crystals like diamond, graphite, etc., have covalent bonds and crystals like table salt have ionic bonds. the amount of electrons and protons gift during a crystal is balanced. reckoning on the colour of the sunshine absorbed by the crystal, its color look can amendment. for instance, if a crystal absorbs yellow light-weight, it'll seem blue, that is termed as 'complementary color'.

Differences Between Glass and Crystal

Properties	Differences
Lead Content	Glass has less lead content in its composition while crystal has more lead proportion as compared to glass.
Clarity	Crystals are clearer than glasses.
Smoothness	Crystals are smooth and seamless as compared to glasses.
Refractive Index	Refractive index is the ratio of speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in any medium. Crystals have higher refractive index than glasses.
Formation	Crystals are sometimes formed when heated silica is cooled slowly but when heated silica is cooled rapidly, glass is formed.
Occurrence	Crystals occur naturally in the earth, whereas some glasses are artificially made.
Range order	Depending on how the correlations decay, a material can be classified as having long-range order or short-range order. Crystals have long-range order and glasses have short-range order.
Diffraction	Diffraction is defined as the "apparent bending of waves around small obstacles and the spreading out of waves past small openings". Diffraction takes place when light passes through crystals but not in an ordinary glass.
Molecular Arrangement	The molecules present in glasses are disorderly arranged whereas the crystal molecules are arranged orderly in a regular lattice.

Both glass and crystal have their own applications reckoning on their professionals and cons. generally it's unfeasible to spot whether or not it's a glass or crystal, simply by gazing it. In such cases, the reliable thanks to determine it, will be done through examining the lead content within the material. in step with European Union standards, materials that contain four-dimensional lead are referred to as glass and people with quite 100 percent lead, are outlined as crystals. Hope this comparison has left little doubt in your minds relating to how glasses are completely different from crystals.

What was the Milgram Experiment?

What is the distinction between right and wrong? And when ought to one question the difference? If you're told to hit somebody violently, you'd object however what if your boss or your superior or maybe your elders told you to obey them and hit somebody, then would you are doing it? will someone's authority build an clearly wrong act, a right one? Questioning authority could be a two-edged sword, may|you'll|you may} find yourself being labeled a rebel or a troublemaker otherwise you could find yourself compromising on your own sense of ethics. moral dilemmas will take numerous shapes and forms however with respect to obedience, the end result may be terribly unpredictable. browse on to be told concerning the Milgram experiment, a psychological take a look at to judge man's struggle between obedience and morality.

Background of the Experiment

Stanley Milgram was twenty eight years recent, he had simply graduated with a Ph.D in social psychology from Harvard in 1961. At that point, a famed Nazi war criminal, Adolf Eichmann, was being tried for his crimes against humanity in Jerusalem. whereas the globe was condemning and mulling over such a cruel person's punishment, Milgram had a remarkable train of thought: what if they were simply following orders? And this result in another question: what if folks can do something, in spite of how cruel it's, simply because somebody in authority told them to try and do so? will man's sense of right and wrong be influenced by authority? Is there a fine line between obedience and conscience and at what purpose can a person cross it? To answer such queries, Milgram devised an experiment, to look at and rank what proportion a private can obey an authority figure. For his experiment, he advertised in newspapers and on the radio. forty men from all walks of life responded, they were promised a pay of $4.50, no matter how they performed. The experiments were conducted in July 1961, within the Linsly-Chittenden Hall within the University of Yale's campus.

Outline of the Milgram Experiment

Three characters were concerned during this experiment.

    * The Experimenter (E) - he was accountable of monitoring the proceedings and would supply directions to the teacher (T).
    * The Teacher (T) - the teacher would raise queries of the learner (L) within the sort of word pairs. He would check every answer and see if it had been correct or wrong and act accordingly.
    * The Learner (L) - he was asked queries by the teacher and expected to answer the queries properly.

The terribly starting of this experiment was deceptive. The take a look at subject and also the learner (an actor employed by the experimenting team) were asked to draw slips of paper to determine their respective roles, either teacher or learner. however unknown to the take a look at subject, all countless paper are marked as "teacher". therefore the actor would lie and say his slip says "learner". This ensured the take a look at subject would perpetually be an educator.

Next the learner was strapped to a chair and electrodes were hooked up to his arm in one area. This was drained front of the teacher. He and also the experimenter were created to sit down in another area, neighboring that of the learner's. Here the teacher was introduced to a rather horrifying shock generator, marked with numerous levels of shock, from thirty - 450 volts. Labels like "slight shock", "Danger: severe shock" and "XXX" were used. At this time, the teacher was told that he had to raise work-pairs to the learner and with every mistake the learner created, the teacher had to shock him, using the machine. The teacher was conjointly given a sample shock, as an indicator of what it felt like. He was conjointly told that with every shock, the voltage would be increased by 15-volts. The experiment started within the following manner, the teacher would browse out a word try. initial a word was browse, the learner was presented with four decisions, on its try and had to press a respective button to answer the question. If correct, the teacher would browse succeeding try. If incorrect, the learner would be shocked.

In reality, the learner was never obtaining shocked. The shock generator machine was simply a decoy, it had been truly a tape recorder. When the teacher pressed a shock level button, desiring to shock the learner, truly a pre-recorded cry or plea or yowl of pain was being played to the teacher, who thought it's returning from the learner. therefore the teacher felt that he was torturing the learner for an incorrect answer, when nothing of that kind was going down. With every shock, the cries would be a lot of agonizing and at a definite shock level, the teacher was told the learner have a heart condition. when some shocks, the learner would bang on the wall. At the last 2 higher levels of shock, the learner wouldn't answer any queries.

The experimenter would sit and monitor the proceedings and not interfere in any manner. however if the teacher would raise to prevent the experiment, the experimenter would reply with the subsequent prods:

   1. Please continue.
   2. The experiment needs that you simply continue.
   3. it's fully essential that you simply continue.
   4. you've got no alternative selection, you want to prolong.

If the teacher was told all four verbal prods, then the experiment was stopped. Else it ended solely when the teacher shocked the learner, three times with the utmost 450 volt shock levels.

Milgram Experiment Results

Given the rather cruel premise of the experiment, Milgram's peers were rather skeptical of its results and felt that no or maybe 1-2 subjects would go as way because the final shock level. Milgram polled senior year psychology students at Yale, who conjointly felt only a few would use the ultimate shock level. however the results of the experiment proved them wrong. Firstly, all forty subjects shocked the learner up to a most of three hundred volts. And twenty six out of forty subjects shocked the learner at the utmost shock level of 450 volts. there have been objections, the themes protested at some purpose, they were conjointly terribly ill-at-ease however within the finish, they obeyed the experimenter and shocked the learner, no matter the high shock level and also the pain felt by the learner. conjointly nobody left the space to see on the learner's state. Milgram repeated the experiment at an workplace and reported that though the share was less, it had been not of a major quantity. He conjointly applied the experiment with feminine take a look at subjects, the speed of sixty fifth prevailed. All such details were summed up in his article, "The Perils of Obedience" revealed within the Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, additionally as in his book Obedience to Authority: An Experimental read.

In summation, psychology specialists and critics have argued and still feel that the moral issues with the Milgram experiment, build it a controversial topic and cruel experiment, that has tarnished the name of psychology experiments. however the tough truth that Milgram was making an attempt to show is this: we tend to do what we tend to are told to try and do. And albeit the command could be a morally wrong one, that might hurt somebody, our initial and obvious instinct is to obey and follow. Such experiments highlight another moral dilemma: who is that the real dangerous guy or criminal here, the authority figure who problems the command or the individual who obeys and carries out such cruelty?

What are Lightsabers and How Do They Work

Lightsaber could be a fictional weapon that is employed within the Star Wars universe. This weapon is regarding one.33 meters in length and it seems to be manufactured from lightweight. There are numerous sorts of lightsabers like electrum, curve-hilted, tonfa-style, wrist-hilt lightsabers, etc. Considering the blade length of the lightsaber, the weapon may be classified as short lightsaber and nice lightsaber. there's one style of lightsaber referred to as firesaber, that seems to burn with red flames on the surface of the blade. Lightsaber will cut through any object with none resistance however it may also be deflected by the force of another lightsaber. Let's currently discuss regarding the parts of lightsabers.

Components of Lightsabers and their operating

Diatium Power Cell
In the power cell, there'll be a pack of diatium cells, that contain huge quantity of energy stored in them and it functions because the primary supply of energy for the lightsaber. This diatium power cell is wired to the first crystal mount and therefore the focusing crystal is hooked up to the first crystal mount. this can be how the diatium cell powers the focusing crystal gift within the lightsaber. The diatium power cell usually lasts for an indefinite amount however generally, if the lightsaber goes into water or if the weapon is continually kept in 'on' mode, there's a doable probability of short circuit and therefore the lightsaber would possibly lose its power. it's straightforward to vary the ability pack of the lightsaber than to interchange the batteries, as a result of the embedded style of the lightsaber isn't designed in such the simplest way that the batteries usually|will be|is|may be} replaced often.

Function
Diatium power cell is placed between the ability field conductor and power vortex ring. the mixture of power field and power vortex ring helps the energy to flow in an exceedingly explicit path and therefore the energy flow are going to be directed to the energy gate. The operate of the energy gate is to manage the number of energy that's passed into the crystal energy chamber. Lightsabers are recharged by the plasma that is created within the power cell.

Crystal Energy Chamber
This is a significant a part of the lightsaber as a result of, if some downside happens during this chamber, it's going to result in detonation of the device itself. This chamber consists of:

    * Primary Crystal
    * Focusing Crystal
    * Focusing Crystal Activator

Function
Primary crystal that is connected to the battery force, channelizes the energy to flow into the focusing crystals, that are located within the focusing crystal activator. Crystal energy chamber is converted into arc wave that is finally converted into blade. The arc wave goes through the cycling field energizers and therefore the final arc that comes out, becomes visible.

Controlling Mechanisms
The 'on/off' switch within the lightsaber is additionally called the activation matrix. The blade length and power adjustment management knobs are placed close to the cycling field energizers and these specs may be controlled by the lightsaber user, per the necessities. whereas using the handle of lightsaber, one needs to be terribly careful as a result of the gyroscopic impact that is caused by the electrical wave that is created from the cyclic field is dangerous.

Double-bladed lightsaber is that the most lethal weapon among all the lightsabers, as a result of the arc/blade comes out from the handle in each directions and it's troublesome to regulate the motion of the blade throughout the action. this kind of lightsaber is created by attaching 2 lightsabers, back to back. the essential use of a lightsaber is to slice things. There are alternative applications of lightsabers like deflecting the blaster bolts, melting objects, sawing pipes, lighting cigarettes, etc. Surprisingly, you can also build a lightsaber. Lightsaber could be a terribly dangerous weapon and it's going to be lethal to the user and conjointly to others nearby. To conclude with, one in all the famous quotes from Star Wars episode goes as - "This was the formal weapon of a Jedi Knight. Not as clumsy or random as a blaster. a lot of ability than easy sight was needed for its use. a sublime weapon. it absolutely was a logo in addition. Anyone will use a blaster or a fusioncutter - however to use a lightsaber well was a mark of somebody a cut on top of the ordinary". ~ Obi-Wan Kenobi.

Basics and Uses of Cell Phone Jammers

When you dial a number, the signal first reaches the base station of the mobile server, and from the base station, the signal is transmitted to the destination number. So, what happens when the signal from the base station to a certain number is blocked? Is there any device to block the mobile phone communication? Yes, a cell phone jammer or cell phone blocker has been designed to block all the calls from and to your mobile.

What is a Cell Phone Jammer?

Cell phone jammer is a device that blocks the incoming and outgoing calls from your mobile by transmitting a low-power radio frequency signal that interrupts the communication between the mobile phone and the base station. The cell phone jammer kit, literally confuses and disrupts the decoding circuits that function in the mobile phone set. By doing this, the mobile phone assumes that there are no base stations operating nearby. There are two types of links through which mobile phone communication takes place. One is called as downlink communication and the other one is called as uplink communication.

• In downlink communication, the signal travels from the base station (cell phone tower) to the mobile phone.
• In uplink communication, the mobile phone sends the signal to the base station.

So, when the cell phone jammer is enabled, the radio link between the mobile phone and the base station is lost, due to which, your mobile phone LCD display will show, "No Service". The transmitting and receiving of the radio wave signals are operated using the antennas that are present in the cell phone jammers.

Electronic Components of a Cell Phone Jammer

• Voltage-Controlled Oscillator (VCO): This type of oscillator controls the output frequency by varying the input voltage supplied to it. The radio frequency signal which is aired to block the radio links, in order to prevent the calls to your mobile, is produced from the VCO.
• Tuning Circuit: The voltage which is supplied to the VCO, is controlled by the tuning circuit.
• Noise Generator: Frequency, which is used to block the network, is produced from the noise generator.
• Radio Frequency Amplifier: The radio frequency output is amplified (gain stage) in the amplifier device.

Types of Cell Phone Jammers

The operating range of a cell phone jammer depends on the power capacity and area of the place, where it can be used. Basically, there are two types of cell phone jammer models. They are:

• Low-power model: This type of model is designed to be used only in confined areas like hospitals, libraries, office, movie theaters, etc.
• High-power model: High-power units can be used to cover areas between 20 to 200 meters.

Uses of a Cell Phone Jammer

Cell phone jammers can be used in certain places where cell phone usage is restricted, such as law enforcement facilities, government offices, rehabilitation centers, military areas, embassies, etc. The device can also be used in a local environment such as restaurants, temples, recording studios, lecture halls, etc. Even though cell phone jammers help to deal with your privacy issues, it is not yet legalized.

Owning a cell phone jammer is strictly illegal in countries like the United States. The Communications Act of 1934 and FCC (Federal Communications Commission) rules do not permit manufacturing and operation of the cell phone jammers, and also import and export of these devices are monitored strictly by the government agencies in the United States. The reason why FCC doesn't believe in legalizing these devices is because, what if emergency calls are blocked if the mobile phone jammers are enabled. If the rules are violated by any parties, they may be subjected to a fine of up to $11,000 for each violation or imprisonment for up to one year. So, keep in mind that the use of a jammer is illegal (meant for government or military purposes) and you certainly don't want to be busted up and made to pay the hefty fine.

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Platinum: Interesting Facts

History of Platinum

Although the year of the invention of platinum is unknown, different details like location and discoverer are not. Even so, it should are discovered manner back, particularly since the primary ever mention of this metal was within the writing of Julius Caesar Scaliger someday around 1557. It might have well been detected before 700 BC, since there's proof of existence of the metal since then, or maybe some years before that. With regard to location of its findings, it's said to possess been found in South America by some pre-Colombian South Americans. This metal chanced on as such an intriguing one that, it had been in reality spoken of as a noble metal that nothing had been able to liquefy till then. What makes for a additional attention-grabbing story is that the proven fact that the Spanish Conquistadors did not think about this metal as being abundant to pay time on. once they 1st noticed it, it had been mistaken for being very little bits of silver or maybe gold that hadn't nevertheless matured, which no matter what it had been, it most actually wasn't value substantially.

Properties of the Metal

The table below can offer you an entire plan concerning the essential properties of this metal. Take a glance.

Properties of Platinum
Symbol	Pt
Number	78
Phase	Solid
Element Category	Transition metal
Standard Atomic Weight	195.084
Electrons per Shell	2, 8, 18, 32, 17, 1
Melting Point	2041.4 K, 1768.3°C, 3214.9°F
Boiling Point	4098 K, 3825°C, 6917°F
Atomic Radius	139pm
Crystal Structure	Face-centered Cubic
Oxidation State	6, 5, 4, 3 , 2, 1, -1, -2 (mildly basic oxide)

That was a short look into the history and a few properties of this totally priceless metal, but now, moving on to another facts concerning it.

A Few Facts concerning Platinum

♣ Platinum is basically created from vi isotopes (5 stable isotopes and one radioisotope), and is alleged to possess been discovered by astronomers Antonio de Ulloa and Don Jorge Juan y Santacilia in 1735 (although this can be constantly being debated).

♣ apparently, platinum that a rare metal on the planet is found in massive quantities on the Moon and also the meteorites.

♣ With regard to prevalence, platinum is greatly found in elements of South Africa, Russia, and USA, so creating these countries amongst the best producers of the metal too.

♣ This metal makes up for a part of a bunch of metals referred to as Platinum cluster Metals. This cluster basically consists of Platinum, Palladium, Rhodium, Ruthenium, Iridium and Osmium.

♣ the explanation that platinum acts as an increasingly widespread selection for jewellery despite its worth is that it's tarnish resistant, so creating it a protracted lasting selection amongst the obtainable metals. what is additional, it's a pure metal and jewellery product of platinum contains something from 90-95% of the metal.

♣ In terms of recognition what's additionally attention-grabbing is that near ninetieth of the world's platinum jewellery is bought by Japanese customers.

♣ aside from reasons touching on the aesthetics of the metal, platinum additionally makes for an excellent investment since it's a serious contributing issue to worldwide economic growth.

♣ the number of platinum mined annually is near roughly two hundred tonnes, that as compared to approximately one,800 tonnes of gold is practically nothing.

♣ It takes ten tonnes of raw mineral, so as to be able to manufacture one pure ounce of platinum.

♣ Also, of all the platinum that's normally sold, major consumption is for that of auto emission management devices or catalytic converters, followed by its use for jewellery. aside from that, it's additionally utilized in smaller quantities for electronics, chemical business, and bound different applications.

♣ Once extracted from the planet, method takes up to a pair of months, at least, to refine platinum.

♣ Besides being an excellent choice for jewellery, the flexibility of this metal additionally permits for it to be an excellent choice for industrial and environmental functions too. many things that rely upon platinum are anti-cancer medication, fertilizers, pacemakers, explosives and etc.

♣ Did you recognize that it's a metal therefore precious that even the Queen Mother wore a coronation crown made up of platinum.

♣ Coronation crown apart, world famous diamonds just like the Kohinoor, Hope and Jonker I are geared up in platinum too.

♣ In fact, this can be one metal that's therefore wanted, even a number of the foremost widespread jewelers like Tiffany, Cartier, and Faberge have created a number of their classic items in Platinum.

What given on top of may be a short list a couple of few attention-grabbing platinum facts. a decent look into it though, is enough to prove the qualities that this metal comes with. A metal therefore priceless, this one serves a purpose in additional ways in which than one, which are some things you'll be completely certain of.

How Does a Sperm Bank Work?

A lot of cases of infertility are resolved with scientific strategies and also the progress that offers us several choices for a secure and potential pregnancy, when the natural and ancient strategies for conceiving fail. we've got encounter terms like IVF (in vitro fertilization) and surrogacy, that's literally a womb for pregnancy. beside these, sperm donation is additionally a term that's not rare and taboo anymore, that is a crucial tool in coping with infertility cases. it's been recognized as a crucial facet within the fields of gynecology and human science. In several cases of infertility and plenty of different reasons (which can mentioned below) a donated sperm has been used for replica.

A sperm bank conjointly called cryobank, is that the place where samples of sperms are stored. These are regulated by the Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority. a plus of the sperm bank is that the consumer will raise for a selected genetic structure of the sperm, that they want the kid to possess. you'll have your decision when it involves selecting how the kid ought to look. Some folks conjointly want to register a known donor, or give their own donor, that is additionally called surrogate parenting. How is that this achieved? what's the procedure of legally donating sperm and the way will the sperm bank work? of these facts and additional are compiled within the following section of the article.

Sperm Donation - Why?
There are several reasons why folks want to donate sperm. One major reason is to assist an infertile couple have a baby. Some can donate sperm to stay it safe for the longer term in case the individual features a job that may risk his life and reproductive ability, like athletes and sportsmen, army and military professionals. These people store their sperm in order that they will still have their own kid within the future. Medical conditions like cancer, future surgeries like vasectomy may be the explanation why men donate sperms and keep them safe. another reasons could also be monetary obligations and responsibilities. Donated sperms conjointly facilitate singles and gay couples who need a kid and who can have their own genes. And conjointly for homosexual ladies who wish youngsters, together with her own eggs and genes. it's found that one out of eight couples who are infertile use a donor sperm to assist conception.

What is the method of Sperm Donation?
Not each one will donate sperms. Though the name could sound terribly easy, it's truly a protracted method to finally donate sperm and acquire it registered. Sperm is barely collected from healthy men, once correct application, a rendezvous and a series of tests. The person willing to donate will contact the bank, most of the days the data may be found on-line. the standards for donation is: age of 18-40 years, no family history of disease, should be ready to give complete details of family medical history, should be free from any health problems and disease, ought to be willing in grips with the commitment created to the donation program.

    * Once you register once meeting the standards, you'll undergo the primary spherical of the method. The individual is consulted with an obstetrician and upon agreement, the primary sample of semen is collected. The donor could also be suggested to abstain from ejaculation for a minimum of forty eight hours before the primary sample screening for the simplest quality of sperm. it's then place through tests, for healthy amount of sperms within the sample, testing for HIV and different sexual diseases. this might usually take a pair of to three months to complete tests and screening.
    * the gathering of sperm sample may be wiped out the sperm bank laboratory, or it may be collected through one thing called 'Priority Male Overnight assortment Kit'. By this the donor will collect the sample at home, in specially created sterile containers that are shipped to them and once the sample assortment they will ship it to the bank through Fed ex, that is prepaid and organized for the donor.
    * Once the screening is complete, and it provides a positive remark, the donor is termed once more for the second visit, here he may be asked to sign an agreement of consent to the complete donation method. A series of health tests and check ups follow once this for a couple of months. several samples of sperm are taken from the donor as these tests progress.

How is that the Donated Sperm Stored?
Once the sperm is collected, it's handed over to the lab technician. The sperm is frozen, moreover because the cells and tissues within the sample. A special liquid could also be used to stay the sperm healthy and free from injury throughout freezing and thawing. This method of freezing sperm is termed cryopreservation. He then, stores the sample in special containers referred to as vials, these are skinny containers, are sealed and kept in extraordinarily cold temperatures, in containers full of liquid nitrogen vapor. The temperatures will vary from (-150° C) to (-196° C). The donated sample, is additionally checked once freezing and thawing, to fulfill quality standards, just like the minimum count of sperm once thawing a sample should be twenty million active or motile sperms per millimeter.

How Long will Sperm be Stored?
A sperm has no expiry date, as long because it is stored well in aptly controlled atmosphere, it will keep as long because it is stored well. There are reports of sperms being stored for twenty years, that are used for conception successfully. the sole distinction between a contemporary sperm and a stored sperm is that contemporary sperm are alive within the uterus for 2-5 days, whereas a thawed and frozen sperm can keep alive for twenty-four hours.

How to Use Donor Sperm
After consulting your doctor you'll contact the sperm bank. you'll choose between